How do you choose the best laptop for graphic design? Pretty easy, I might say, since you need to focus a lot on the laptops hardware, rather than its software. In the laptop industry many people tend to choose Dell or Apple, since their brands have made it clear that when you choose one of their products, you won't ever regret doing so. They are known almost everywhere as being the top of the line in what they do.
But without having to scare away the competition, here are some key factors you might want to take into consideration when choosing the very best laptop for graphic design:
Actual Screen Resolution
This refers to the actual screen resolution a laptop screen can output. It doesn't necessarily have to do much with the screen size itself. Some 13 inch screen laptops are capable of resolutions of 1280 by 800, but this doesn't mean you should choose such a tiny laptop to do graphic design with. Aim for something preferably above 15.4 inches in screen size, since newer laptop models tend to pack a lot of pixels in a tight screen space.
Do an actual resolution test and see what resolution works best for you, and your workflow. Open up several programs, including Photoshop, and try to see how the toolbars fit in, how big is the editing space (the image being edited), and how sharp the actual image is at that particular screen resolution. My guess is that after a few experimentations, you'll come up with the perfect screen resolution to suit your entire workflow.
If you do find a laptop to your liking but the resolution or screen size is too small, one good idea would be to get a second monitor for your laptop, that way you can store all those toolbars on the monitor and work on editing the image on your laptop screen.
System RAM
The system RAM is a very important aspect to look for when choosing a laptop for graphic design. Graphic design implies using programs which tend to use a lot of RAM, so the more RAM your system has, the better those programs will run, the faster you will get the work done and get the best possible performance out of your laptop.
Graphics designers use Photoshop a lot, along with other vector graphics design programs, and they usually run about 3-4 programs at a time, so the amount of RAM the laptop has is crucial to overall performance. You should start at a minimum of 2 GB of RAM, if you only use one of these programs at a time.
But if you intend to multitask and run several programs at a time, your graphics design laptop should carry at least 2GB of RAM or higher. The highest level you can go with current laptops is the 4GB. When you own a 4GB RAM bearing laptop, you are sure to get everything done in the least amount of time possible.
Since vendors tend to charge extra for RAM upgrades on machines bought from them, it would be wise to purchase a machine with a standard amount of RAM, then buy some extra modules and upgrade the laptop yourself.
Laptop CPU - Processor
The best laptops for graphic design will carry a CPU capable of handling most programs which require a lot of calculations. Vector design, for example, implies a lot of calculations to be done, so a laptop with a strong CPU will be needed. It would be wise to aim for processors with more cores than one. Some models have more than one processing core, so this type of processor will do just fine.
A general rule of thumb - the higher you aim on the processor scale, the better your system will run.
Graphics Card
When choosing the best laptop for graphic design work, you'll know you'll never choose one that has a built in graphics card that sucks away available RAM to run. You can lose up to 512 megs of RAM if your laptop doesn't have a dedicated video card.
The system tends to run much slower overall, since it uses RAM for both the running programs, and sharing with the built in video card. Getting a laptop with a dedicated video card is an important step you should not overlook.
Since the laptop you're getting will be used for graphics design, you don't have to concern yourself to get the latest and best graphics card installed on it (only if you will be using the laptop for games as well or 3D modelling). A standard graphics card with a memory of 64-256 MB of memory will do just fine.
You would only need a better graphics card if you wish to install a lot of games or if you intend to do 3D modelling and rendering.
The best laptops for graphic design carry a dedicated graphics card with it's own separate memory.
Conclusion:
The very best laptops for graphic design have a good native resolution allowing you to squeeze in many toolbars and still have room for the editing area, a generous amount of system RAM and a dedicated video card, and last but not least, a higher level of central processing power, with more than one processing core.
The Best Laptops for Graphic Design
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The Best Laptops for Graphic Design
The Best Laptops for Graphic Design The Best Laptops for Graphic Design
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There are two prevailing definitions of a Wide Area Network (WAN). The book definition of a WAN is a network that spans large geographical locations, usually to interconnect multiple Local Area Networks (LANs). The practical definition of a WAN is a network that traverses a public network or commercial carrier, using one of several WAN technologies
Wide Area Network (WAN)
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What are its Main Components?
The main components for a WAN are routers, switches and modems. These components are described below in the hardware section.
CPE - Devices on the subscriber premises are called customer premises equipment (CPE).
The subscriber owns the CPE or leases the CPE from the service provider. A copper or fiber cable connects the CPE to the service provider's nearest exchange or central office. This cabling is often called the local loop, or "last-mile".
DTE/DCE - Devices that put data on the local loop are called data circuit-terminating equipment, or data communications equipment (DCE). The customer devices that pass the data to the DCE are called data terminal equipment (DTE). The DCE primarily provides an interface for the DTE into the communication link on the WAN cloud.
Hardware
In a WAN you will need various types of hardware components for it to function. The typical items of hardware that you will need in a WAN are:
Router - An electronic device that connects a local area network (LAN) to a wide area network (WAN) and handles the task of routing messages between the two networks. Operates at layer 3, and makes decisions using IP addresses.
Switch - A switch is a network device that selects a path or circuit for sending a unit of data to its next destination. Operates at layer 2, and uses MAC addresses to send data to correct destination.
Modem - Short for modulator/demodulator, a modem enables a computer to communicate with other computers over telephone lines. Operates at layer 1, where signals are converted from digital to analogue and vice versa for transmission and receiving.
Wan Standards
WANs operate within the OSI model using layer 1 and layer 2 levels. The data link layer and the physical layer. The physical layer protocols describe how to provide electrical, mechanical and functional connections to the services provided by the ISP. The data link layer defines how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote sites.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the wrapping of data in a particular protocol header. Remember that WANs operate at the physical layer and the data link layer of the osi model and that higher layer protocols such as IP are encapsulated when sent across the WAN link. Serial interfaces support a wide range of WAN encapsulation types, which must be manually specified. These types include SDLC, PPP, Frame delay etc. Regardless of WAN encapsulation used it must be identical on both sides of the point to point link.
Packet and Circuit Switching
Circuit switching and packet switching are both used in high-capacity networks.
The majority of switched networks today get data across the network
through packet switching.
Circuit-switching is more reliable than packet-switching. Circuit switching is old and expensive, packet switching is more modern.
General Routing Issues
What is a Routing Protocol?
A routing protocol is a protocol that specifies how routers communicate and exchange information on a network. Each router has prior knowledge of its immediate neighbours and knows the structure of the network topology. The routers know this because the routing protocol shares this information.
Protocol
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) was one of the most commonly uses protocols on internal networks. Routers use RIP to dynamically adapt changes to the network connections and communicate information about which networks routers can reach and the distance between them. RIP is sometimes said to stand for Rest in Pieces in reference to the reputation that RIP has for breaking unexpectedly and rendering a network unable to function.
Routing Algorithms
Distance Vector
This type of routing protocol requires that each router simply inform its neighbours of its routing table. The distance vector protocol is also known as the bellman-ford algorithm.
Link State
This type of routing protocol requires that each router maintain a partial map of the network. The link state algorithm is also know as Dijkstra's algorithm.
IGRP
IGRP is a type of distance vector routing protocol invented by cisco used to exchange routing data in a autonomous system. Distance vector protocols measure distances and compare routes. Routers that use distance vector must send all or a portion of their routing table in a routing update message at regular intervals to each neighbour router.
Addressing and Routing
What does routing mean?
Routing is the process of deciding how to move packets from one network to another.
The directions also known as routes can be learned by a router using a routing protocol then the information is passed from router to router along the route of the destination.
IP Address's
Every machine connected to the internet is assigned an IP address. An example of an IP address would be 192.168.0.1. IP addresses are displayed in decimal format to make it easier for humans to understand but computers communicate in binary form. The four numbers that separate an IP address are called Octets. Each position consists of eight bits. When added to together you get 32 bit address. The purpose of each octet in an IP address is to create classes of IP addresses that can be assigned within a network. There are three main classes that we deal with Class A, B and C. The octets of an IP address are split into two parts Network and Host. In a class A address the first octet is the network portion, this determines which network the computer belongs to, the last octets of the address are the hosts that belong to the network.
Sub netting
Sub netting allows you to create multiple networks within a class A, B or C address. The subnet address is the address used by your LAN. In a Class C network address you would have a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. A subnet mask identifies which portion is network and which is host. For example 192.168.6.15 the first octet three octets are the Network address and the last octet being the host(Workstation). It is important to subnet a network because gateways need to forward packets to other LANS. By giving each NIC on the gateway an IP address and a Subnet mask it allows the gateways to route packets from LAN to LAN. Once the packet arrives at its destination, the gateway then uses the bits of the subnet portion of the IP address to decide which LAN to send the packets.
Circuit Switched Leased Lines
A circuit switched network is one that establishes a dedicated circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate. Here are some terminologies associated with a Circuit switched network.
Frame relay is a telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission between local area networks (LANs)
Basic rate interference is a service used by small business for internet connectivity. An ISDN BRI provides two 64 Kbps digital channels to the user.
Primary rate interface (PRI) is a telecommunications standard for carrying voice and data transmissions between two locations
All data and voice channels are ISDN and operate at 64kbit/s
Packet switching refers to protocols in which messages are broken up into small packets before they are sent. Each packet is then transmitted over the Internet. At the destination the packets are reassembled into the original message. Packet switching main difference from Circuit Switching is that that the communication lines are not dedicated to passing messages from the source to the destination. In Packet Switching, different messages can use the same network resources within the same time period.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay, packet switching network and protocolwhich encodes data into small fixed-sized cells.
ISDN is used to carry voice, data, video and images across a telephone network. ISDN stands for integrated services Digital Network. Isdn also provides users with a 128kbps bandwidth. This is done through frame relay. Frame relay complements and provides a service between ISDN, which offers bandwidth at 128 Kbps and Asynchronous Transfer Mode which operates in somewhat similar fashion to frame relay but at speeds from 155.520 Mbps or 622.080 Mbps. Frame relay is based on the older X.25 packet switching technology and is used to transmit analogue signals such as telephone conversations.
PSDN stands for packet switched data network and is a data communication network. Packet switched networks do not establish a physical communication signal like the public telephone does (circuit switched network) Packets are sent on a fixed length basis and assigned with a source and a destination address. The packets then rely on the routers to read the address and route the packets through the network.
Mobile and Broadband Services
Digital Subscriber line(DSL) is mainly used to bring high bandwidth connections to homes and small business's over a copper wire telephone line. This is can only be achieved if you stay within the range of the telephone exchange. DSL offers download rates of up to 6mbps allowing continuous transmission of video, audio and 3D effects. DSL is set to replace ISDN and compete with the cable modem in providing multimedia to homes. DSL works by connecting your telephone line to the telephone office over copper wires that are twisted together.
Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line is most commonly used for home users. It provides a high download speed but a lower upload speed. Using ADSL, up to 6.1 megabits per second of data can be sent downstream and up to 640 Kbps upstream.
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line is a digital subcriber line which runs over one pair of copper wires. The main difference between ADSL and SDSL is the difference in upload and download speeds. SDSL allows the same upstream data rate and downstream data rate as ADSL upstream can be very slow.
HDSL High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line, one of the earliest forms of DSL, is used for wideband digital transmission within a corporate site and between the telephone company and a customer. The main characteristic of HDSL is that provides equal bandwidth in both directions.
IDSL is a system in which data is transmitted at 128 Kbps on a regular copper telephone line from a user to a destination using digital transmission.
The Local Loop enables operators to connect directly to the consumer via copper local loops and then add their own equipment to offer broadband and other services. This process involves operators accessing local exchange buildings to connect to a network of copper lines which connect them to homes and businesses. BT is an Example of a Local Exchange. The local loop connecting the telephone exchange to most subscribers is capable of carrying frequencies well beyond the 3.4 kHz upper limit.
Benefits of using DSL
DSL can provide virtually instantaneous transmission of voice, data and video over ordinary copper phone lines. A DSL connection can eliminate delays when waiting to download information and graphics from the Internet. It provides users with a cost effective high speed Internet connection. Another benefit is that a DSL connection is always on-line (like a LAN connection) with no waiting time for dialling or connecting.
There are now more than 10 million broadband connections in the UK. By December 2005 there were 9.792 million broadband connections in the UK and the average broadband take up rate during the three months to December was more than 70,000 per week.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
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One Direction - Kiss You - 5 days to go
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Throughout history man has faced the spread of infection, pondering its causes and how to treat it or prevent it. Infections have been known to affect major segments of the population, as did the plague in the Middle Ages. Although important advances have been made in understanding and treating infection, the threat of infection looms as large as it ever has. Newer enemies in the battle of infection emerge such as HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Once-conquered enemies become resistant to treatment, as it the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Healthcare personnel typically encounter numerous patients on a daily basis, many of whom may be harboring these or other agents of infection. Measures to prevent the spread of infection must be taken in the course of treating all patients.
Infection Process and Infection Control
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The Best Computer For Graphic Design
Since Desktop Publishing (DTP) came out in the eighties, graphic designers have been utilizing computer technology. This has pushed all graphic designers to become competent with computer hardware at the very least.
Does ethics have a place in physics? For four hundred years, the answer has been a resounding no, yet the idea has never gone away completely. Over fifty years ago, Arthur Koestler, the brilliant Hungarian polymath, speculated that perhaps an ethical concept, purpose, might actually be a property of time. Then there are those who are convinced that there is evidence of intelligent design in the scheme of things, which of course is just another name for divine purpose.
Throughout history man has faced the spread of infection, pondering its causes and how to treat it or prevent it. Infections have been known to affect major segments of the population, as did the plague in the Middle Ages. Although important advances have been made in understanding and treating infection, the threat of infection looms as large as it ever has. Newer enemies in the battle of infection emerge such as HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Once-conquered enemies become resistant to treatment, as it the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Healthcare personnel typically encounter numerous patients on a daily basis, many of whom may be harboring these or other agents of infection. Measures to prevent the spread of infection must be taken in the course of treating all patients.
Comparison of the Excel Lookup, Vlookup and Hlookup Functions
The Excel lookup functions - Lookup, Vlookup and Hlookup - are three of the most useful functions supplied by Excel. However, many users get these functions (particularly the Lookup and Vlookup functions) mixed up, and as a result, find that their function doesn't work as expected.
Comparison of the Excel Lookup, Vlookup and Hlookup Functions
There are many factors that can affect the size of a PDF file. If you know these factors it would be possible for you to get the smallest possible file size of the PDF document that you create. The factors that affect the size of PDF files are the way the fonts are embedded, the images resolution and image type, and the version of the PDF and level of compression.
To make your PDF file smaller, Adobe suggests that you use "Save as" instead of "Save" every time you make a change in the PDF document you are creating. When you use the "Save" changes you make are appended to your file and this of course adds to the size. When you use the "Save as" you will overwrite the entire PDF and you are saving just the latest form of your document after the change.
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How Do I Decrease the File Size of a PDF File?
Another thing that could add to the size of the PDF file is the named destination, every ten or so named destinations could add at least a kilobyte to the PDF size. So if you think that named destinations is not that necessary in your PDF document do not include them.
How Do I Decrease the File Size of a PDF File?
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You can also use Adobe Acrobat's PDF optimizer to see which elements in your PDF document could take up the most space. To use the PDF Optimizer, click "Advanced" in the menu bar and select PDF Optimizer and then click on Audit Space Usage.
The elements in your PDF document that obviously add a lot to the total size of the final PDF are the images. as much as possible use vector-based graphics. Vector-based graphics are better than GIF in many aspects: they scale perfectly, look better, and take up lesser space. Avoid inseting bitmap graphics but if it could not be avoided, prepare it for maximum compression and minimum dimensions.
If you are creating PDF for the web and not for printing use RGB which has one less data channel than CMYK. As much as possible do not embed your fonts, fonts take up a lot of space.
Lastly, it is good to use newer versions of Acrobat because they have a more advanced compression system that can result in smaller PDF file size.
How Do I Decrease the File Size of a PDF File?
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This article aims to clarify the difference between the Excel Lookup, Vlookup and Hlookup functions, and to provide an overview of each of these functions.
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Comparison of the Excel Lookup, Vlookup and Hlookup Functions
All three functions - the Lookup, Vlookup and Hlookup - look up a value in a list and return the corresponding value in a second list. However, each of the functions is designed to work slightly differently.
Comparison of the Excel Lookup, Vlookup and Hlookup Functions
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One of the main considerations when selecting a lookup function is whether your data is organised along rows (i.e. horizontally) or down columns (i.e. vertically). If organised horizontally, you can use either the Hlookup function or Lookup function, and if your data is organised vertically, you can use either the Vlookup function or the Lookup function.
It is also important to consider what you need to happen if the function fails to find an exact match to your lookup value. If you only want to return a value if an exact match is found, and if not, you want an error message to be returned, you will need to use the Vlookup or the Hlookup function (with the range_lookup argument set to FALSE). However, if you want to accept the closest match to your lookup value, any of the three lookup functions can be used to do this.
The three functions (including the two different forms of the Lookup function) are summarised below:
Lookup Function
Vector Form: The vector form of the Excel Lookup function uses two vectors (i.e. Two one-dimensional arrays). As these two vectors are supplied to the function as separate arguments they can be horizontal or vertical, and there are no limitations on their positions in relation to each other.
Array Form: The array form of the Excel Lookup function uses a 2-dimensional array. The first column or row of the array is searched for the lookup value and the value returned is taken from the last column or row. Therefore, this function relies on the data being organised in a table, and the column or row containing the values to be returned must after (but not necessarily adjacent to) the column or row being searched.
Both forms of the Lookup function search for a closest match. I.e. If an exact match to the lookup value is not found, the closest match below the lookup value is used instead.
Vlookup Function
The Excel Vlookup function uses a 2-dimensional array with the data organised in columns. The first column of the array is searched for the lookup value and the user specifies which column the value returned is to be taken from. Therefore, similar to the array form of the Lookup function, the column containing the values to be returned must be to the right of the column to be searched.
The main difference between the Vlookup function and the array form of the Lookup function is that the Vlookup function can be set (via the range_lookup argument) to only return a value if it finds an exact match. However, by default (i.e. If the range_lookup argument is not supplied) the Vlookup function will, like the Lookup function, return the closest match below the lookup value.
Hlookup Function
The Excel Hlookup is the horizontal version of the Vlookup function. The function uses a 2-dimensional array, with the data arranged in rows. The first row of the array is searched for the lookup value and the user specifies which row the value returned is to be taken from. Therefore, in the Hlookup function, the row containing the values to be returned must be below (but not necessarily adjacent to) the searched row.
Also, like the Vlookup function, the Hlookup function uses the range_lookup argument, which allows the user to specify how the function behaves if it fails to find an exact match. If this argument is set to FALSE, the Hlookup function only returns a value if it finds an exact match to the lookup value. However, by default (i.e. If the range_lookup argument is not supplied or is set to TRUE), the Hlookup function will return use the closest match below the lookup value.
It is important to note that in all of the above functions, if you are not requesting an exact match to your lookup value, the data in the column or row to be searched must be sorted into ascending order. If it isn't, this could cause your function to return unexpected results.
Comparison of the Excel Lookup, Vlookup and Hlookup Functions
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Below we explain the infection process and describe infection control measures needed to protect healthcare patients, staff, visitors, and those who do business with healthcare facilities.
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Infection Process and Infection Control
What Is Infection?
Infection Process and Infection Control
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Our environment is full of microorganisms (microscopic organisms) referred to as microbes. Microbes include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. The majority of microbes are nonpathogenic, meaning they do not cause disease under normal conditions. Microbes that are capable of causing disease (ie., pathogenic) are called pathogens. If a pathogen invades the body and the conditions are favorable for it to multiply and cause injurious effects or disease, the resulting condition is called an infection. The pathogen responsible for causing the infection is referred to as the infectious or causative agent. Infection can be local (restricted to a small area of the, body) or systemic, in which the entire body is affected.
Communicable Infections
Some pathogenic microbes cause infections that can be spread from person to person. These infections are called communicable infections and the diseases that result are called communicable diseases. A division of the U.S. Public Health Service called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is charged with the investigation and control of various diseases, especially those that are communicable and have epidemic potential. The CDC recommends safety precautions to protect healthcare workers and others from infection.
Nosocomial Infections
Approximately 5 % of patients in the United States are exposed to and contract some sort of infection after admission to a hospital or other healthcare facility. These hospital or healthcare facility-acquired infections are called nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections can result from contact with infected personnel, other patients, and visitors, or contaminated equipment. The most common nosocomial infection in the United States is urinary tract infection. The Hospital Infection Control Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC), established in 1991, advises the CDC on updating guidelines regarding prevention of nosocomial infection.
Source Of Infection
The source is the origin of infectious microorganisms, also called the reservoir. Sources of infectious microbes include infected humans or anima1s and contaminated articles and equipment. In a healthcare setting, human sources of infectious microbes can be patients, personnel, or visitors, and can include those with active disease, those whose disease is in the incubation period, and those who are chronic carriers of a dis- ease. Another potential source of infectious microbes is a person's own normal flora (microorganisms that normally live on the skin and other areas of the human body).
Inanimate objects such as contaminated equipment can be a major source of infection in a healthcare setting. Whether or not an inanimate source is capable of transmitting infection depends upon the amount of contamination, the viability or ability of the organism to survive on the source, the virulence or degree to which an organism is capable of causing disease, and the amount of time elapsed between when the source was contaminated and when it was contacted.
For example, the virus that causes hepatitis B is much more virulent, or capable of causing disease from a small amount of infective material, than HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. It is also more viable, meaning it is capable of surviving longer on surfaces than is HIV. However, if a long enough time elapses from the time of contamination until contact by a susceptible host, the microbe is no longer alive and is not capable of transmitting disease.
Modes Of Transmission
There are five basic modes or routes of infection transmission: contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, and vector. The same microbe can be transmitted by more than one route.
Contact transmission
Contact transmission is the most frequent mode of infection transmission. There are two types of contact transmission, direct transmission and indirect transmission.
Direct contact transmission involves direct, physical transfer of a pathogenic microbe to a susceptible host through close or intimate contact such as touching or kissing.
Indirect contact transmission involves personal contact by a susceptible host with contaminated inanimate objects such as patient bed linens, clothing, dressings, and eating utensils. It includes contact with phlebotomy equipment such as gloves, needles, specimen tubes, and phlebotomy carts and trays. It also includes less obvious contaminated objects such as doorknobs and faucet handles. The transfer of infectious microbes from contaminated hands to a susceptible host is also considered indirect contact transmission.
Droplet transmission
Droplet transmission involves the transfer of the infective microbe to the mucous membranes of the nose or mouth or the conjunctiva (mucous membranes) of the eyes of a susceptible individual through sneezing, coughing, or talking by an infected per- son. Droplet transmission can also occur during procedures such as suctioning and throat swab collection. It differs from airborne transmission in that droplets do not travel more than 3 feet, and do not remain suspended in air.
Airborne transmission
Airborne transmission involves dissemination of droplet nuclei. Droplet nuclei are the residue of evaporated droplets generated by sneezing, coughing, or talking. Infectious microbes within droplet nuclei can remain viable even though suspended in the air or in dust particles for long periods. Microbes carried in this manner can become widely dispersed before being inhaled by or deposited on a susceptible host. For this reason, special air handling and ventilation are required for rooms of patients having infections with airborne transmission. Persons entering the room must wear a snug-fitting mask with a special filter. M. tuberculosis, rubeola virus, and varicella virus are the most common microorganisms transmitted by the airborne route.
Vector transmission
Vector transmission involves the transfer of the microbe by an insect, arthropod, or animal. An example of vector transmission is the transmission of malaria by a mosquito or the plague by rodent fleas.
Vehicle transmission
Vehicle transmission involves the transmission of the infective microbe through contaminated food, water, or drugs. Examples of vehicle transmission are salmonella infection from handling contaminated chicken and shigella infection from drinking contaminated water. The transmission of hepatitis and HIV through blood transfusion is also considered vehicle transmission.
Susceptible Host
A susceptible host is someone who has decreased ability to resist infection. Susceptibility is affected by age, health, and the immune status of the individual. For example, newborns whose immune systems are not yet developed and old people whose immune systems are no longer functioning properly are more susceptible to infections. In addition, disease, antibiotic treatment, and immunosuppressive drugs may compromise a person's resistance to infection. Procedures such as surgery, anesthesia, and insertion of catheters can also leave a patient more susceptible to infection. Recovery from a particular virus or vaccination against a virus also affects susceptibility. A healthy person who has received a vaccination against a disease-causing virus, or who has recovered from infection with a particular virus, has developed antibodies against that virus and is considered to be immune, or unlikely to develop the disease.
Breaking The Chain Of Infection
Breaking the chain of infection means stopping infections at the source, eliminating means of transmission, and reducing or eliminating the susceptibility of potential hosts. Ways to prevent transmission of infectious microbes are proper hand washing; use of gloves, gowns, masks, and other protective equipment when indicated; proper waste disposal; isolation procedures; insect and rodent control; and decontamination of surfaces and instruments. Susceptibility of potential hosts can be reduced through proper nutrition, reduction of stress, and immunization against common pathogens.
Infection Process and Infection Control
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Part of the difficulty here is to define what is meant by ethics. There is first of all ethics as a code of acceptable social behavior, like an agreement by most people in the world that eating your enemies is no longer considered the right thing to do. There can be little argument that this kind of ethics has no place in science.
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Ethics in Physics
Then there is John Smith over here who firmly believes that the Bible is the literal word of God and that He is in charge of where creation is going. If physics does not recognize this, then physics is wrong and must find a place for God in the scheme of things. However, over there is Jane Doe who thinks the Bible is suspect because it was written by a lot of cantankerous, opinionated old men. Women had no part in writing this document, which is probably why God himself is pictured as a man. She does not believe any of it and thinks that arguments about purpose are typical male arguments that lead nowhere. Both John and Jane are probably influenced in their beliefs by their personal histories. Perhaps John came from a very traditional Christian family, while Jane came from a background of rebels and iconoclasts. But there is one thing they both have in common: their beliefs are purely personal and thus subjective. It is true that John thinks his beliefs are grounded in a revealed truth that exists quite apart from him and is thus objective, but that is simply his own personal belief, which is contradicted by Jane's own personal belief. Whatever the subject of their personal beliefs, neither John nor Jane can show any independent proof that their beliefs reflect an outside truth which is axiomatically self-evident.
Ethics in Physics
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Modern physics today agrees that what it deals with in the world of natural phenomena (what is measurable and quantifiable) is based on our sense perceptions, and that sense perceptions are fundamentally subjective in nature. That being the case, physics is quite right in excluding any subjective ethical concepts from science, because such ethics are not governed by scientific rules of evidence. As a leading physicist of the twentieth century, Werner Heisenberg, put it: "Science deals with the objective, physical world.... Religion, on the other hand, deals with the world of values. It considers what ought to be or what we ought to do, not what is. In science, we are concerned to discover what is true or false; in religion what is good or evil, noble or base. Science is the basis of technology, religion the basis of ethics."
Ethics can only be thought of in a scientific context when physics has reached the point where the subjective reality of physical phenomena is no longer enough to explain the origin of these phenomena. Physics tried very hard, for instance, to reach the origin of matter within this world. For many years, this origin of matter was thought to be the ultimate, irreducible particle, namely the atom. Then it was discovered that the atom itself consisted of smaller particles, but even these, such as the proton, were then found to be capable of further division into quarks. It became evident that the size of particles depended on the amount of energy that could be directed at them. If this energy were high enough, even smaller particles would probably result. So physics came up with the concept of the string particle as the ultimate matter particle. It is defined as having only one dimension, length. It therefore cannot be divided any further, even theoretically. However, nothing of only one dimension can exist in our ordinary subjective world of sense perceptions. If it exists at all, therefore, it must exist in some other reality, not our subjective kind which depends on us and our sense perceptions.
This argument shows that physics has now reached the point where a reintroduction of objective reality is becoming necessary. The book, Galileo's Shadow, on which this article is based, explores these realities in greater detail and how they effect ethical concepts. If ethics can be removed from human subjectivity and considered in an objective setting, that is a setting which has nothing to do with our human presence, it might then possibly have something to do with physics, if physics has reached the same setting.
Such possibilities are explored in Galileo's Shadow, which reaches the conclusion that an ethical concept such as purpose might indeed be thought of in connection with science, if it is an inherent, constituent property of the universe. This concept would not "explain" such a purpose in human terms, it would merely point to its likely existence as a sort of vector, or direction, in which the universe is developing. Its relevance to science would lie in the alternative it offers to purely random chance developments which, today, are the only acceptable engines of evolution.
Ethics in Physics
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What is Desktop Publishing (DTP)? In the 1980s, it was a common term applied to digital publishing systems. These systems were developed to replace large, pre-press, specialist design and compositing systems.
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The Best Computer For Graphic Design
Graphic designers rely heavily on computers whether these are Windows PCs or Apple Macs. Whichever computer a graphic designer chooses to use, he/she will opt for the best computer that he/she can purchase. Graphic designers will rarely choose cheap computer hardware.
The Best Computer For Graphic Design
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Back in the eighties, Macs were the only choice for designing and printing. Almost all design layout and graphics software was developed for Macs only or even if the software could be used in Microsoft Windows PC, it was much more reliable on a Mac. Additionally, at that time, Macs were associated with the different technologies used in the prepress and Windows PC was just not a practical choice. Today, modern versions of Mac OS X and Windows allow graphics designers to use design software either in a Mac or PC - they are no longer forced to choose one over the other.
Many graphic designers are not IT experts and making a decision on which computer to buy can be quite daunting. Of course, if money is not a problem, the decision would simply be to buy the most expensive Apple Mac or Windows PC. But most designers cannot afford to do that. In fact, some creative professionals have budgets for second hand equipment only. What really matters to these graphic designers are issues that regular computer users do not even have to think about. These are printer color accuracy, monitor calibration, hard disk speed and external storage devices for gigabytes of data.
Recent studies show that the top 5 computers for graphic design are a mix of Macs and PCs and both laptop and desktop computers fall in this category. But just like any product that a consumer buys, it really is the personal preference of the designer whether he/she will use a desktop computer or a laptop. The important thing is that the user/graphic designer has the appropriate software for the type of computer that he/she wants to purchase.
The Top 5 computers for graphic design are:
Mac Pro Desktop
The Mac line of computers is still widely preferred by most graphic designers. According to Apple, the latest Mac Pro features the all new quad-core Intel Xeon "Nehalen" processor which makes the job of a graphic designer much easier. Apple states further that the new Mac Pro is up to 1.9 times faster than its predecessor. Each processor has an integrated memory controller that allows the processors to have faster access to stored data in the computer's memory, with memory latency decreased by up to 40 percent. This feature will save a lot of time for designers when they do their work.
MacBook Pro Laptop
The MacBook Pro Laptop comes in 13, 15 and 17 inch sizes. It has high-performance NVDIA graphics and LED backlit display which makes editing graphics easier and clearer. This latest model has battery power that lasts up to 8 hours (on 17-inch version). It is powered by the Intel Core 2 Duo processor.
Dell Studio XPS Desktop
The Dell Studio XPS Desktop features the Intel Core i5 and i7 processors. If you plan on working with intensive video or 3D editing, you can have an upgrade to the 16GB Dual Channel DDR3 SDRAM. But its base 3GB memory will enable you to edit photos, create vector or raster designs with ease. Its high-definition ATI graphics card creates clear, precise and flawless graphics - just what a graphic designer needs.
Toshiba Qosmio Laptop
The Toshiba Qosimo is an affordable solution to your graphic design needs. It is powered by either the Intel Core i7 or i5 processor making it easier to create flawless graphics. It has a high-end NVIDIA GeForce graphics card, which ensures that you can clearly see every pixel and frame that you edit. It has a 6GB DDR3 1066MHz memory and a 1GB GDDR5 discrete graphics memory.
HP Pavilion Elite Desktop
The HP Pavilion Elite Desktop is an affordable computer. It is powered by either an AMD Athlon or an Intel Core processor that ranges from an X4 630 quad-core (Athlon) to an i7-980X six-core Extreme Edition (Intel). All HP Pavilion Elite Desktop computers come with genuine 64-bit Windows 7 for the latest technology. Memory ranges from 4GB up to 9GB which guarantees smooth and effortless run of the high-end graphics that you use.
The Best Computer For Graphic Design
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Below we explain the infection process and describe infection control measures needed to protect healthcare patients, staff, visitors, and those who do business with healthcare facilities.
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Infection Process and Infection Control
What Is Infection?
Infection Process and Infection Control
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Our environment is full of microorganisms (microscopic organisms) referred to as microbes. Microbes include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. The majority of microbes are nonpathogenic, meaning they do not cause disease under normal conditions. Microbes that are capable of causing disease (ie., pathogenic) are called pathogens. If a pathogen invades the body and the conditions are favorable for it to multiply and cause injurious effects or disease, the resulting condition is called an infection. The pathogen responsible for causing the infection is referred to as the infectious or causative agent. Infection can be local (restricted to a small area of the, body) or systemic, in which the entire body is affected.
Communicable Infections
Some pathogenic microbes cause infections that can be spread from person to person. These infections are called communicable infections and the diseases that result are called communicable diseases. A division of the U.S. Public Health Service called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is charged with the investigation and control of various diseases, especially those that are communicable and have epidemic potential. The CDC recommends safety precautions to protect healthcare workers and others from infection.
Nosocomial Infections
Approximately 5 % of patients in the United States are exposed to and contract some sort of infection after admission to a hospital or other healthcare facility. These hospital or healthcare facility-acquired infections are called nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections can result from contact with infected personnel, other patients, and visitors, or contaminated equipment. The most common nosocomial infection in the United States is urinary tract infection. The Hospital Infection Control Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC), established in 1991, advises the CDC on updating guidelines regarding prevention of nosocomial infection.
Source Of Infection
The source is the origin of infectious microorganisms, also called the reservoir. Sources of infectious microbes include infected humans or anima1s and contaminated articles and equipment. In a healthcare setting, human sources of infectious microbes can be patients, personnel, or visitors, and can include those with active disease, those whose disease is in the incubation period, and those who are chronic carriers of a dis- ease. Another potential source of infectious microbes is a person's own normal flora (microorganisms that normally live on the skin and other areas of the human body).
Inanimate objects such as contaminated equipment can be a major source of infection in a healthcare setting. Whether or not an inanimate source is capable of transmitting infection depends upon the amount of contamination, the viability or ability of the organism to survive on the source, the virulence or degree to which an organism is capable of causing disease, and the amount of time elapsed between when the source was contaminated and when it was contacted.
For example, the virus that causes hepatitis B is much more virulent, or capable of causing disease from a small amount of infective material, than HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. It is also more viable, meaning it is capable of surviving longer on surfaces than is HIV. However, if a long enough time elapses from the time of contamination until contact by a susceptible host, the microbe is no longer alive and is not capable of transmitting disease.
Modes Of Transmission
There are five basic modes or routes of infection transmission: contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, and vector. The same microbe can be transmitted by more than one route.
Contact transmission
Contact transmission is the most frequent mode of infection transmission. There are two types of contact transmission, direct transmission and indirect transmission.
Direct contact transmission involves direct, physical transfer of a pathogenic microbe to a susceptible host through close or intimate contact such as touching or kissing.
Indirect contact transmission involves personal contact by a susceptible host with contaminated inanimate objects such as patient bed linens, clothing, dressings, and eating utensils. It includes contact with phlebotomy equipment such as gloves, needles, specimen tubes, and phlebotomy carts and trays. It also includes less obvious contaminated objects such as doorknobs and faucet handles. The transfer of infectious microbes from contaminated hands to a susceptible host is also considered indirect contact transmission.
Droplet transmission
Droplet transmission involves the transfer of the infective microbe to the mucous membranes of the nose or mouth or the conjunctiva (mucous membranes) of the eyes of a susceptible individual through sneezing, coughing, or talking by an infected per- son. Droplet transmission can also occur during procedures such as suctioning and throat swab collection. It differs from airborne transmission in that droplets do not travel more than 3 feet, and do not remain suspended in air.
Airborne transmission
Airborne transmission involves dissemination of droplet nuclei. Droplet nuclei are the residue of evaporated droplets generated by sneezing, coughing, or talking. Infectious microbes within droplet nuclei can remain viable even though suspended in the air or in dust particles for long periods. Microbes carried in this manner can become widely dispersed before being inhaled by or deposited on a susceptible host. For this reason, special air handling and ventilation are required for rooms of patients having infections with airborne transmission. Persons entering the room must wear a snug-fitting mask with a special filter. M. tuberculosis, rubeola virus, and varicella virus are the most common microorganisms transmitted by the airborne route.
Vector transmission
Vector transmission involves the transfer of the microbe by an insect, arthropod, or animal. An example of vector transmission is the transmission of malaria by a mosquito or the plague by rodent fleas.
Vehicle transmission
Vehicle transmission involves the transmission of the infective microbe through contaminated food, water, or drugs. Examples of vehicle transmission are salmonella infection from handling contaminated chicken and shigella infection from drinking contaminated water. The transmission of hepatitis and HIV through blood transfusion is also considered vehicle transmission.
Susceptible Host
A susceptible host is someone who has decreased ability to resist infection. Susceptibility is affected by age, health, and the immune status of the individual. For example, newborns whose immune systems are not yet developed and old people whose immune systems are no longer functioning properly are more susceptible to infections. In addition, disease, antibiotic treatment, and immunosuppressive drugs may compromise a person's resistance to infection. Procedures such as surgery, anesthesia, and insertion of catheters can also leave a patient more susceptible to infection. Recovery from a particular virus or vaccination against a virus also affects susceptibility. A healthy person who has received a vaccination against a disease-causing virus, or who has recovered from infection with a particular virus, has developed antibodies against that virus and is considered to be immune, or unlikely to develop the disease.
Breaking The Chain Of Infection
Breaking the chain of infection means stopping infections at the source, eliminating means of transmission, and reducing or eliminating the susceptibility of potential hosts. Ways to prevent transmission of infectious microbes are proper hand washing; use of gloves, gowns, masks, and other protective equipment when indicated; proper waste disposal; isolation procedures; insect and rodent control; and decontamination of surfaces and instruments. Susceptibility of potential hosts can be reduced through proper nutrition, reduction of stress, and immunization against common pathogens.
